Antioxidants are basically chemical agents that stop the oxidation of any substances. We know, that due to oxidation a lot of food and other materials gets wasted. The oxidation process triggers a series of chemical reactions, which in turn damages the product in which the oxidation takes place. Thus, by stopping this oxidation process in … Read more

p-Block Elements: Group 17 Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid Chlorine exists as chlorides in seawater, salt lakes and brine deposits. Chlorine gas is prepared industrially by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions. It is also a by-product of the preparation of metals by electrolysis of molten salts such as NaCl, MgCl2 … Read more

Elementary idea of α – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins Proteins are the linear polymers, which are formed by the linking of the alpha carboxyl group of amino acid, to the alpha-amino group of another amino acid by the amide bond, also known as the peptide bond. The combining of two amino acids, to … Read more

Generally, D and L notation is used to describe the stereochemistry of carbohydrates. This system is named after the Latin dexter and laevous that stands for the right and left. It is used to name the molecule by relating them to the glyceraldehyde molecule. To differentiate between the D and L carbohydrates a Fischer’s projection … Read more

d and f Block Elements Transition metals: colour Transition metals have a specific tendency to form complex ions with water in their aqueous state. In compound state due to the surrounding ligands, the d-orbitals of transition elements are not degenerate. However, they tend to split into two groups of different energy to promote electrons from … Read more

The term denaturation of proteins is used for the possible disturbance and disruption of its secondary and tertiary structures. The denaturation reactions are not much strong, and a peptide bond is not broken, so the primary structure remains the same even after the denaturation. Due to the denaturation, the normal alpha-helix, ad beta-sheets are disrupted … Read more

Detergents do not have an ancient history, unlike the soaps. The first appearance of the detergent was back in 1916. This was the era of World War l. In the year 1916 when the country of Germany became deficient on the sources of fats and oils, they came up with the idea of artificial surfactants. … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Werner’s theory In 1893, Alfred Werner proposed that metal ions exhibit what he called primary and secondary valences. Consider, ammonia complexes of cobalt (III) for explaining these valencies. Primary valences denoted the oxidation number for the metal (+3 on the cobalt ion at the right). Secondary valences denoted the coordination number, … Read more

When a disinfectant is applied to a non-living object, it destroys the microorganisms living on it. How does the microorganism gets destroyed? The simple answer to this is – antimicrobial agents. A disinfectant is an antimicrobial agent. Disinfectant not necessarily kills all the microorganisms. It is not as effective as sterilization. Sterilization process kills all … Read more