The visceral nervous system also is known as the autonomic nervous system which controls many involuntary functions of the body like arterial blood pressure regulation, pupillary, and heart rate. A large amount of energy of this nerve goes to the psychological systems which require ongoing assessment and correction. The visceral or autonomic nervous system is … Read more

Osmoregulation is defined as the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in an organism’s body fluids by controlling salt and water concentrations. Osmotic pressure is the measure of how water tends to move from one solution to another by osmosis. The greater the osmotic pressure of a given solution, the higher the tendency of water to … Read more

Proteins consumed by living organisms for growth mainly consist of nitrogen. The metabolism of proteins, therefore, forms nitrogenous waste materials in the body that could be toxic in high quantities. It is important for living organisms to excrete nitrogenous waste products such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid. Based on the type of nitrogenous waste … Read more

Introduction This is the process where nitrogenous waste products are excreted in the form of urea. Ureotelic organisms are the organisms that excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea. Ureotelism is one of the three other ways through which nitrogen is excreted from the bodies of living things. The other two processes of nitrogenous … Read more

Your kidneys filter waste and additional fluid from your blood, and your body gets to eliminate them through excretion. If your kidneys don’t work well, those things can stay in your blood. That condition is called uraemia, or uremic syndrome.It will happen as a result of a long-running pathological state, like diabetes or high blood … Read more

Introduction Once the diffusion of oxygen occurs across the alveoli, it is transported to the tissues for unloading through the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffusion through the alveoli out of the bloodstream follows for expulsion out of the body. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation occurs through different mechanisms. Transport of Oxygen in the Blood. Only … Read more

The thyroid gland is an essential part of the endocrine system and causes the production and release of thyroid hormones to the bloodstream. It is situated just below Adam’s apple at the front of the neck. Its shape is like a butterfly and it has two lobes which are located at either side of the … Read more

The nervous system is a collection or a complex collection of nerves and some specialized cell known as neurons. It is also known as electric wiring. The nervous system consists of two components like the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. As per the structure, the central the nervous system is made up of … Read more

Tetany is a condition that is due usually too low blood calcium which is cause by hypocalcemia and is characterized by spasms of the hands and feet, cramps, spasm of the voice box “larynx”, and overactive neurological reflexes. Tetany is commonly considered to result from very low calcium levels in the blood. But, tetany can … Read more

The skeleton is split into 2 parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the bone, vertebral column, ribs, and breastbone. The appendicular skeleton includes all upper and lower extremities, the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle. Bones within the physical structure are available in four main shapes, long, short, flat, … Read more