Renal calculi is the medical term used to describe kidney stones, which are small, hard deposits that form in the urine that are made up of mineral and acid salts. Though kidney stones form in the kidneys, they can be transported throughout the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidney stones … Read more

Human beings regulate their respiration to suit the immediate needs of the body. The nervous system is responsible for respiration control by using special centers called the respiratory centers of the brain. Respiratory centres of the brain The neuronal signals passed between the respiratory centers of the brain and the diaphragm and muscles in the … Read more

Normal activities of the heart are regulated in an essential way, that’s it is auto regulated by specialized muscles or the nodal tissue, therefore the heart is referred to myogenic. A special neural center in the medulla oblongata can regulate the cardiac function through the autonomic nervous system. Neural signals do increase the number of … Read more

Whenever you accidentally touch the hot pan or prick a penin your hand you react to this immediately by taking back your hands. Your actions are immediate, sudden and involuntary. In scientific term, this reaction of human beings is termed as reflex actions. In the reflex action, the spinal cord has a very vital role … Read more

Pituitary gland is an imperative part of the endocrine system. Mainly, it functions for the secretion of hormones to the bloodstream. These secreted hormones affect the other organs and the glands, especially the adrenal glands, thyroids, and the reproductive organs. Due to its vast range of activities, this gland is also known as the master … Read more

The pineal gland is also known as the epiphysis cerebri, pineal organ, pineal body, or conarium. It is found in the body of vertebrates and is an important source of melatonin that is the hormone, derived from the tryptophan and has the central role for the regulation of circadian rhythms. However, all the functions of … Read more

The word peristalsis is derived from the Greek word Peristellein, which means to wrap around or to set in order. Peristalsis involves the involuntary movements of the circular and the longitudinal muscles. Primarily it takes place in the digestive tract, but occasionally it can happen in other hollow tubes of the body, and it occurs … Read more

The peripheralnervous system is one of the two important systems in the human body after the central nervous system. The central nervous system works in inside of the brain and spinal and on the other hand, the peripheral nervous system works outside the brain and spinal as it consists of nerve and ganglia which are … Read more

Parathyroid glands functions to produce the parathyroid hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of calcium levels of blood. It is essential to maintain an adequate level of calcium in the human body, as any deviation from the normal levels can cause nerve and muscle problems. Anatomy of Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands … Read more

The pancreas is an important organ of the human endocrine system and is located in the abdominal part. It has a crucial role in converting the food to the fuel for the body. Two main functions are associated with the pancreas, an endocrine function for the regulation of blood sugar and an exocrine function that … Read more