Hydrocyanic acid has two isomeric forms and cyanides, and isocyanides are the derivatives of the hydrocyanic acid. Hydrogen cyanide exists as a tautomeric mixture. Cyanide is a potentially deadly chemical that reacts rapidly and it occurs in the various forms. It may be a colorless gas or can exist in the form of crystals. In … Read more

Natural factors and free existing elements tend to cause deterioration of metals, this is, however, not sudden and occurs over time. This is due to unwanted chemical reactions that occur usually for metals. When corrosion occurs in a small concentrated area, it could have its effect enough to result into a pit or crack. What … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds VBT and CFT Valence bond theory (VBT) Crystal field theory (CFT) Provides chemical bonding of atoms in a molecule in ionic and covalent structures. Provides the only electronic structure of coordinate complex where the bonding is purely ionic Explains the formation of a covalent bond via hybridization of atomic orbitals. Explains … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Coordination number The coordination number for a metal ion in a complex is the number of ligands that are directly attached to it. Mostly coordination numbers of 4 and 6 are observed, and 5 is of considerable interest, though coordination numbers can range from 2 to 12 and beyond. Coordination number … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Introduction The transition metals and their ions have a much higher tendency to form coordination compounds as compared to the s- and p- block elements. The relatively smaller sizes, higher ionic charges and the availability of d orbitals for bond formation allow transition metals to form complex ions. Coordination compounds, unlike … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system) In chemistry, a coordination or metal complex compounds consists of an atom or ion which is usually a metallic ion that is surrounding by multiple molecules or anions known called ligands or complexing agents. Many metal-containing compounds consist … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Structural and stereoisomerism Compounds that have the chemical formula but can be represented in different structures are known as isomers. Variant isomerism types occur because of complicated formulas of coordination compounds, the variety of bond types and the number of shapes possible. These are described below. Structural isomerism Ionisation isomerism This … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Magnetic properties and shapes Diamagnetism and paramagnetism are properties of substances, which can be observed in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field by a weak repulsion or attraction of the substance from/into the magnetic field. Bohr magneton μB is the smallest quantity of a magnetic moment (M: a mass … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds The cation comes first, then the anion(s). These ions are not in the coordination sphere. diamine silver(I) chloride [Ag(NH3)2]Cl potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) K3[Fe(CN)6] Inner Sphere Complex Ion is enclosed by using brackets. Within this sphere, the ligands are named first and then the metal, however, in … Read more

p-Block Elements: Coordination compounds Ligands Any species capable of donating a pair of electrons to metal is called a ligand. This ligand is an ion which can either be negatively or positively charged, or a neutral molecule. Examples: Cl– , Br– , SO42- , NH2NH3+, NH3, H2O, NH2CH2CH2NH2 etc. Ligands can be classified as into … Read more