The term gymnosperm means ‘naked seeds’ (Greek: gymnos – naked, sperma – seeds). Their seeds do not have any protective enclosure, and thus the name. This is because, in gymnosperms, the ovule is not enclosed by an ovary wall both before and after the fertilization. Therefore a seed that develops after post fertilization remains … Read more

Pteridophyta: Vascular Seedless Plants Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to develop vascular system (Xylem and Phloem). They include horsetails and ferns. Pteridophtes are classified into four groups. Psilopsida – Psilotum Lycopsida – Selaginella, Lycopodium Sphenopsida – Equisetum Pteropsida – Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum. Psilotum Selaginella Lycopodium Equisetum Dryopteris Pteris Adiantum Habitat The pteridophytes are usually … Read more

LIVERWORTS Habitat: Liverworts are usually found in moist habitats such as river banks, marshes, wet tree barks, damp soil etc. Morphology: Liverworts have a thalloid structure. The thallus is flat and dorso-ventral. The upper side consists of leaf like structures and the lower side bears numerous rhizoids. Reproduction: Asexual reproduction: Takes place by fragmentation of … Read more

  Bryophyta: Non- vascular plants It includes all land plants that do not have true vascular tissue, and are hence called non- vascular plants. They do not have leaves, cones, flowers or roots. But they have rhizoids, which help them to adhere to a substratum. Bryophytes are commonly known as amphibians of the plant kingdom, … Read more

  Bryophyta: Non- vascular plants It includes all land plants that do not have true vascular tissue, and are hence called non- vascular plants. They do not have leaves, cones, flowers or roots. But they have rhizoids, which help them to adhere to a substratum. Bryophytes are commonly known as amphibians of the plant kingdom, … Read more

Algae are classified into 3 groups. Chlorophycea The class Chlorophycea is composed of a large group of freshwater green algae. They can be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. They appear grass-green in colour due to the presence of chlorophyll a and b. Some of the common members of this group are Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and … Read more

Thallophyta: Algae Algae are most primitive of plants. They are photoautotrophs with an less differentiated body. They have a very simple thalloid structure. Their size and form can vary greatly. They can be colonial (eg, Volvox) or filamentous (Ulothrix, Spirogyra etc). Others can be very large as seaweeds (eg. Kelps). Volvox Spirogyra Ulothrix Kelps Habitat … Read more

Thallophyta: Algae Algae are most primitive of plants. They are photoautotrophs with an less differentiated body. They have a very simple thalloid structure. Their size and form can vary greatly. They can be colonial (eg, Volvox) or filamentous (Ulothrix, Spirogyra etc). Others can be very large as seaweeds (eg. Kelps). Volvox Spirogyra Ulothrix Kelps Habitat … Read more