Nitration is a type of substitution reaction of aromatic hydrocarbon. In these reactions, one or more hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring get replaced by other atom or groups. In the context of organic compounds, let us first understand the importance of nitrogen. Nitrogen is necessary for many days to day things we depend on … Read more
Ozonolysis is the method of oxidatively cleaving the alkenes by using the ozone which is a reactive molecule of oxygen. This process allows the double or triple bonds of the carbon-carbon to be replaced by the double bonds with the oxygen. It is an organic reaction, where unsaturated bonds of the alkenes are cleaved with … Read more
Genetic engineering has been categorized as an area of molecular biology that involves Changing the structure of genetic material which is also referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. Recombinant DNA, also referred to as rDNA, is a strand of DNA which has been manipulated by scientists. Genetic engineering and rDNA move hand in … Read more
Aromatic hydrocarbons – mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction The orbital structure of the benzene makes it quite clear that the π-electron cloud lying above and below the plane of the benzene ring is held loosely and is thus, available to the electron seeking reagents i.e., electrophiles. Therefore, the substitution reaction in benzene is electrophilic in … Read more
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow may sound similar, but they are evolutionary processes, and they have several significant differences. Genetic Drift In the genetic drift, the frequency is changed within the population by the allele due to some sort of random sampling. As a result, the adaptations are not produced. Genetic drift … Read more
Cellular function is influenced by cellular environment. Adaptation to specific atmospheres is achieved by regulation the expression of genes that code the enzymes and proteins required for survival in an exceedingly specific environment. Factors that influence organic phenomenon embrace nutrients, temperature, light, toxins, metals, chemicals, and signals from alternative cells. Malfunctions within the regulation … Read more
Usually, the alkenes exhibit a wide range of electrophilic addition reactions. The addition of hydrogen halides such as the hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide is a significant example of the electrophilic addition reaction of the alkenes. Generally, the electrophilic addition to the alkenes starts with the process that pi electrons attack an electrophile and make … Read more
Gemmules are asexually produced masses of the cells which are capable to develop into the new organism or the new adult. An example of the gemmule is the freshwater sponge. They are small cells, having the bud-like appearance, formed by the sponges and can withstand the adverse environmental conditions. In the freshwater sponges, mainly … Read more
Aromatic hydrocarbon – sulphonation In the sulphonation of benzene, a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom of the ring gets substituted by a sulphonic acid group. The attacking reagent is sulphur trioxide. It can be formed by the dissociation of the sulphuric acid. The sulphonation of benzene follows the following steps: The electrophile is … Read more
Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction, which is similar to the regeneration in some aspects but at the same time, it is different as well. In this type of asexual reproduction, the parent organism is divided into various pieces, and then each piece will be developed into a complete and new individual. Spirogyra … Read more