The Bohr’s Model failed in explaining concepts regarding the spectrum of different atoms, splitting of spectral lines in electric as well as magnetic field. In order to overcome the imperfection of Bohr’s atomic model, efforts were made to make a general model for atoms. Louis de Broglie a French physicist, in 1924 gave his theory … Read more

It was a major challenge before the scientists at the end of the 19th century to reveal the structure of the atom as well as to explain its important properties. For this different atomic models were proposed. After Thomson’s model failed to explain certain experimental results, Rutherford, a British scientist conducted an experiment and based … Read more

  In 1932 the neutron was discovered by English Physicist, James Chadwick. At that time, it was known that atom has a nucleus which is positively charged and is surrounded by the electrons and negative charge is enough to make an atom electrically neutral. About 12 years earlier a postulate was stimulated by Ernest Rutherford … Read more

  Today, it is a well-known fact that the atomic number reveals the number of protons in the nucleus. This was discovered by Henry Gwyn-Jefferies Moseley. He conducted the experiments and found certain lines in the spectrum of X-ray of each element and each time it moved the same amount by an increase in the … Read more

Three States of Matter While everything in this universe is known to be composed of matter, studying this concept further is worthy.   What is Matter? Anything that is visible and tangible or invisible but could be felt and has an existence is known to be composed of matter. Based on the varied inter-molecular forces … Read more

Molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only) Molecular Orbitals for Homonuclear Diatomics As long as the specific molecular orbitals forms (their dependency on R and Z in the cylindrical coordination system) vary for each and every molecule, their dependency on an angle ‘f’ due to the represented by quantum number L and … Read more

The behavior of elements that surround us could be strange and surprising all at the same time. Understanding the properties along with their electronic configurations is an interesting and important concept to observe. Knowing the uniqueness of these properties for specific elements helps a lot in deriving practical applications of them. Not only chemical but … Read more

Involving s, p and d orbitals What do you mean by Hybridization? To give orbit the equivalent energy, the redistribution of orbital energy of individual atoms occurs when 2 atomic orbitals integrate together for the formation of a hybrid orbital in a single molecule. This process is known as hybridization. In this process, the new … Read more

In the world of Quantum Systems quantization means the storing of energy in terms of quantas (i.e packets of energy).Quantum numbers are basically numerical entities that depicts about the stored conserved energy of electrons in the atoms. Along with the numerical values the energy levels are also depicted by the Angular moment, spin of electrons, … Read more

Atom is composed of various sub atomic particles carrying positive or negative charge as observed and experimented by various scientists. Soon after these sub particles were discovered, scientists became eager to explain the distribution of these charged particles in an atom. It was major challenge before the scientists at the end of the 19th century … Read more