Fingerprinting could be a chemical check that shows the genetic makeup of an individual or different living things.It’s used as proof in courts, to spot bodies, capture blood relatives, and to seem for cures for sickness. Genetic makeup DNA process uses chemicals to separate strands of deoxyribonucleic acid and reveal the distinctive elements of … Read more
A seed is an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue and developed by a seed coat. An immature seed before fertilization is called an ovule. A typical seed consists of three parts, namely the embryo, a supply of nutrients for the embryo, and a seed coat. Seed development. This is a process that occurs from ovule … Read more
Introduction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons are the hydrocarbons that have delocalized pi electrons and the sigma bonds between the carbon atoms in the form of circles. These are called aromatic due to their characteristic pleasant or sweet odor. In the aromatic compounds, the configuration of six carbon atom is known to make the benzene … Read more
Alkynes – chemical reactions The alkynes have at least one triple bond in them, therefore, they are quite reactive chemically. They readily take part in addition reaction and can also be easily oxidized, a few important chemical reactions of alkynes are discussed below: Acidic character of alkynes: Acetylene and other terminal alkynes are weakly acidic … Read more
These aromatic hydrocarbons are well known due to their exceptional chemical properties and their chemical properties are listed below. The aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit the aromaticity that is additional stability which is granted by the resonance. In the aromatic hydrocarbons, the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms is high. When they are burnt, they display … Read more
Alkynes – addition reaction of alkynes with hydrogen, halogen, hydrogen halides and water Addition reactions: Like alkenes, alkynes undergo addition reactions due to their unsaturated nature. However, in alkynes, the addition occurs in two steps. In the first step, one molecule of the attacking reagent is added to the alkynes and its triple bond changes … Read more
Alkynes – physical properties Alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond in their molecules. Alkynes resemble alkenes in most of their characteristics. Alkynes are of two types: terminal and internal. Terminal alkynes are those in which carbon-carbon triple bond is present at the end of the carbon chain. And the internal alkynes are those who contain … Read more
Alkynes – the structure of triple bond (ethyne) Ethyne is the simplest molecule of the alkyne series. In this case, each carbon atom is sp hybridized forming two sp hybrid orbitals. These two sp hybrid orbitals lie along the straight line and the bond angle between them is 180◦. The two unhybridized p orbitals are … Read more
Alkynes – method of preparation The alkynes are prepared by the following general methods: 1. The Action of water on calcium carbide: Ethyne is prepared in the laboratory as well as on industrial scale by the action of water on calcium carbide. For this purpose required calcium carbide is obtained by heating calcium oxide (from … Read more
Alkynes –nomenclature Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the triple bond(-C). They are represented by the general formula: . Alkynes are named in the same way as alkenes by replacing suffix ane of alkane by yne. In higher members, the position of triple bond is indicated by giving numbers 1,2,3,4,…etc. to the carbon atom in the molecule. The … Read more