Chemical Thermodynamics: Standard enthalpy of dilution When oneunit volume of liquid material is combined with a solvent liquid to achieve the desired concentration, it is referred to as dilution. Addition of strong acid in water often generates heat. When a solvent like acid or base is transferred from its pure state or fully concentrated state … Read more

Chemical Thermodynamics: Standard enthalpy of ionization The quantity of energy that is associated with an isolated gaseous atom in its ground electronic state that absorbs energy to produce an electron and for a cation is called ionization energy . To break free from the attractive force of the atomic nucleus, an electron requires which may … Read more

Chemical Thermodynamics: Standard enthalpy of solution A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in their gas, liquid or solid phase. The enthalpy of solution is defined as the amount of heat absorbed or evolved by a solution to dissolve its solutes in the solvent at constant pressure. The formation … Read more

The electronic configuration of an atom is the arrangement and distribution of electrons among the orbital shell and subshell. The valance electrons or the outermost shell electrons are responsible for the unique chemistry of each element of the periodic table. Group 13 elements have the general configuration of the type , one electron in the … Read more

  The electronic configuration of an atom is an illustration of the layout of the electrons which are distributed among the orbitals and subshells. By using the idea of the configuration of the electrons it is possible to understand the various chemical and physical properties of the elements. The chemistry and behavior of the elements … Read more

Group 14 consists of Carbon (c), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and Flerovium (Fl). Flerovium is artificially produced. Among these elements carbon is non-metal, tin and lead are metals and silicon and germanium are metalloids. These elements are also known as carbon family. This family is located on the right side of … Read more

Group 13 of p-block is called the boron family. Group 13 or the boron family consists of 6 known elements and one chemically uncharacterized element. Here are the elements-boron-B, aluminium-Al, gallium-Ga, indium-In, and thallium-Tl and also the chemically uncharacterized nihonium-Nh. All the elements of group 13 are soft except boron. Except for boron, which is … Read more

Chemical Thermodynamics: Phase transition For any phase transition, enthalpy change can be experimentally quantified and tabulated. Each of the phase transitions has an associated latent heat which is required for the transformation. The process that turns solid to liquid is referred to as fusion. The enthalpy of this change is calculated as: Figure : Phase … Read more

Chemical Thermodynamics: Standard enthalpy of sublimation Sublimation is a process in which a solid material converts from its solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid state. It is an endothermic reaction which occurs at pressures and temperature below a substance’s triple point. In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is a … Read more

Chemical Thermodynamics: Standard enthalpy of Atomization Atomization refers to the separation of bulk materials and breaking them up to fine particles. This transformation goes takes place up breaking up of liquid jet into a number of filaments, which in turn transform into droplets.Common home atomizers that you may be familiar with are shower heads, perfume … Read more