Statement For any dynamic system in equilibrium, according to the law of equilibrium, the full energy for the system is equally divided among the degree of freedom. The kinetic energy of a single molecule along the x-axis, the y-axis and the z-axis is given as , along the x-axis , along the y-axis , along … Read more

All of the thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas are summed up in its equation of state, which determines the relationship between its pressure, volume, and temperature. Unfortunately, classical thermodynamics is unable to tell us what this equation of state is from first principles. In fact, classical thermodynamics will not be able to tell us … Read more

Some gases are made up of molecules. What are molecules? Molecules are a tiny independent unit that behaves the same as the sample, i.e. they have the same chemical properties as of the sample. The kinetic theory of gases has developed a model that explains the behavior of molecules, which should further explain the behavior … Read more

Work done by a gas Gases can work through enlargement or compression against relentless external pressure. Compressing of a gas is also known is the isothermal process. Work done by gases is additionally generally known as pressure-volume or PV. Let’s consider gas is contained in a piston. Two tubes leading to the piston can let … Read more

The zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the important laws of thermodynamics and it states that if the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with the third system, then these systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Heat Transfer Between the Objects In thermodynamics, the relationship is studied between temperature, heat, work, and … Read more

The first law of thermodynamics states that the energy can be converted from one form to another form by the interaction of work, internal energy, and heat. But under any circumstance, there is no creation or destruction of the energy. Mathematical Expression of First Law of Thermodynamics Mathematically, this law can be represented as follows. … Read more

The concept of heat, work, and internal energy is well demonstrated in the first law of thermodynamics. It is extensively used for discussing the heat engines. Joule is used as a standard unit for all of these quantities. Although, sometimes these quantities may also be expressed in the BTU’s or calories. Heat All the bodies … Read more

Heat transfer is a process or can say a discipline of thermal engineering that goes hand in hand with the generation, use, and exchange of thermal energy or heat between the physical systems. Heat conduction has given many terms scientifically but mainly it is called diffusion and it is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic … Read more

Convection is the movement or transfer of heat from one place to another in the form of fluids and this is the most dominant form of heat transfer in the form of gasses and fluids. The convection is forced by the movements of fluids by means other than buoyancy force as we take the example … Read more

Radiation heat transfer is the process by which thermal energy exchanged between two surfaces obeying the law of electromagnetic so it does not require any medium and can be used for the transfer of heat in a vacuum. The light or heat from the sun reaches our planet earth because of the radiation and also … Read more