Endocytosis: It is the engulfing of food or foreign particles through the plasma membrane. It is of two types – phagocytosis (cell eating), and pinocytosis (cell drinking). Phagocytosis refers to the engulfing of solid particles Pinocytosis is the engulfing of liquid particles. A pinosome or phagosome is a membrane bound vesicle that encloses the liquid … Read more

The plasma membrane (cell membrane, plasma lemma) is a thin, elastic, semi permeable living membrane found on the outer surface of all protoplasts. It separates the cellular protoplasm with their environment. The term plasma membrane was coined by Nageli and C.Cramer in 1855. Unit membrane concept: Danielli and Davson had proposed a Sandwich Model for … Read more

A typical eukaryotic cell is bounded by a plasma membrane. Cell wall is present in the case of plant cells, The protoplasm is divisible into nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is in constant motion called cytoplasmic streaming. The streaming movement of cytoplasm around the vacuole is called cyclosis. It contains membrane bounded bodies called organelles, … Read more

Cytoplasm The fluid matrix filling the cell is known as the cytoplasm. It is colloidal in nature and does not show streaming movement. It contains ribosomes, mesosomes, inclusion bodies, genetic material etc. Ribosome In prokaryotes, ribosomes are found in association with the plasma membrane of the cell. It gives the cytoplasm a granular appearance. Ribosomes … Read more

Cell Envelope The prokaryotic cells have a very complex cell envelope. It is composed of three layers, each with a distinct function. An outer Glycocalyx A tough Cell Wall An inner Plasma membrane Glycocalyx Glycocalyx is a layer of polysaccharide (sometimes proteins) that protects the cell. The thickness and composition of glycocalyx differs in different … Read more

Cells are broadly divided into prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, according to whether their genetic materials are enclosed by a nuclear envelope or not. Prokaryotic cells: Prokaryotic (pro-primitive, karyon-nucleus) cells are the most primitive cells. They do not contain a definite nucleus They are comparatively smaller. The cells have very simple organization. Cell organelles are … Read more

All organisms are composed of a single cell and are called unicellular organisms while others are many cells called multicellular organisms. Cell The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. The branch of biology that deals with the structural and functional organization of cells is called cell biology or cytology. … Read more

Sexual dimorphism They show sexual dimorphism. Male frogs produce sound sounds during mating. Hence, they possess sound producing vocal sacs. They also have a copulatory pad (nuptial pad) on the first digit of the fore limbs. Both these are absent in female frogs. Male reproductive organ The male reproductive system is composed of a pair … Read more

The body control and coordination in frogs are carried out by nervous system and the endocrine glands. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands are responsible for the chemical coordination in frogs. It is carried out by the secretions of these glands called hormones. The major endocrine glands found in a frog are Nervous System The nervous system … Read more

Frogs have a well-developed and closed type circulatory system (including a blood vascular system and a lymphatic system). The lymphatic system consists of – lymph, lymph channels and lymph nodes. Blood vascular system: It involves heart, blood vessels and blood Blood Vessels The arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body … Read more