Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode and their characteristics, Zener diode as a voltage regulator LED: A light-emitting diode (LED) emits visible light when forward biased. Light-emitting diodes are not produced using silicon or on the other hand, germaniums yet are made by utilizing components like gallium, phosphorus, and … Read more

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration), the basic idea of analog and digital signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR) Junction transistor: The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is worked by three doped semiconductor territories disengaged by two p-n junctions Region, emitter, base, and … Read more

Binding Energy per Nucleon and its Variation with Mass Number The binding energy per nucleon of the nucleus is the specific binding energy divided by the number of nucleons in total. The nuclei are made up of protons and neutrons but the actual mass of the nucleus is always less as compare to the mass … Read more

In physics and chemistry, the mass defect is a term referred to the difference in the mass, between the sum of masses of neutrons, protons, electrons of the atoms and mass of atom itself. Typically, the mass defect is associated with a binding energy between the nucleons. The missing mass is the energy that is … Read more

We all are familiar with a famous scientist, James Chadwick. He was the scientist who first introduced neutrons, and stated that the mass of neutrons is the same as the protons with little difference in them. Also, he mentioned that the pair of neutron and proton in the nucleus of an atom is called the … Read more

Alfred Walter Steward is the person who for the very first time introduced the term of Isobars. The term has a Greek origin and is composed of two separate words. The first section of the word is “Isos” which means “Equal”, while the second “Baros” means the “Weight”. What are Isobars? Nuclides of atoms that … Read more

In a continuous band of frequency if any difference occurs between upper and lower frequencies then this is known as bandwidth and measure in hertz, Whereas the transmission is a medium of a material substance consisting of solid, liquid and gas that can propagate energy waves. It can be understood by an example of the … Read more

In a continuous band of frequency if any difference occurs between upper and lower frequencies then this is known as bandwidth and measure in hertz, It may also be referred as passband bandwidth because it is the difference between the upper and the lower cutoff frequencies of baseband bandwidth which applies to a low pass … Read more

The whole distribution of electromagnetic radiation is according to the frequency and wavelength although all electromagnetic spectrum or waves travel at the speed of light mainly in the vacuum they do this at a wide range of frequency, wavelength or photon energies. This spectrum comprises all electromagnetic radiation which also includes subranges which are known … Read more

All the atoms of elements are not identical, and some atoms of the same elements are having a different number of neutrons. The different versions of atoms of the same elements are known as isotopes. Atoms are composed of neutrons, protons, and electrons. The neutrons and protons are present in the nucleus, and electrons are … Read more